MDCAT Nutrition & Gaseous Exchange MCQs

1. Which of the following is a carnivorous plant known for its trap mechanism?

A) Cactus
B) Pitcher plant
C) Fern
D) Moss

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2. The Venus flytrap primarily catches its prey using which part of its structure?

A) Leaves
B) Roots
C) Stems
D) Flowers

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3. Sundews capture insects using what feature?

A) Sticky glandular hairs
B) Water traps
C) Sharp spines
D) Bright colors

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4. Carnivorous plants typically grow in which type of soil?

A) Nutrient-rich
B) Sandy
C) Poor in nutrients
D) Clay

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5. What type of nutrition do parasitic plants exhibit?

A) Autotrophic
B) Heterotrophic
C) Saprotrophic
D) Photosynthetic

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6. Water is primarily absorbed by plants through which structure?

A) Leaves
B) Stems
C) Roots
D) Flowers

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7. The process of water movement through a plant is mainly facilitated by which tissue?

A) Phloem
B) Xylem
C) Parenchyma
D) Collenchyma

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8. What term describes the pressure that drives water movement in plants?

A) Hydrostatic pressure
B) Osmotic pressure
C) Gravitational pressure
D) Capillary pressure

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9. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for water uptake by roots?

A) Diffusion
B) Active transport
C) Endocytosis
D) Osmosis

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10. Mineral uptake in plants mainly occurs through which process?

A) Passive diffusion
B) Active transport
C) Osmosis
D) Transpiration

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11. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a region of ________ concentration to a region of ________ concentration.

A) High, low
B) Low, high
C) Equal, unequal
D) High, equal

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12. Which of the following describes osmotic potential?

A) Ability of a solution to absorb water
B) Ability of a cell to resist pressure
C) Total pressure exerted by dissolved solutes
D) Pressure from the cell wall

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13. A plant cell placed in a hypertonic solution will:

A) Swell
B) Burst
C) Remain unchanged
D) Shrink

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14. Which of the following factors can affect osmotic pressure?

A) Temperature
B) Solute concentration
C) Water potential
D) All of the above

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15. In plants, turgor pressure is primarily caused by:

A) Cell wall rigidity
B) Water entering the vacuole
C) Solute concentration
D) Nutrient absorption

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16. The main function of the cardiovascular system is to:

A) Provide structural support
B) Transport nutrients and oxygen
C) Assist in digestion
D) Control body temperature

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17. The human heart is divided into how many chambers?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

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18. Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood away from the heart?

A) Veins
B) Arteries
C) Capillaries
D) Lymphatics

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19. The right atrium receives blood from which part of the body?

A) Lungs
B) Head and arms
C) Lower body
D) All of the above

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20. Which valve prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle?

A) Mitral valve
B) Tricuspid valve
C) Aortic valve
D) Pulmonary valve

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21. The primary organ for gas exchange in humans is the:

A) Trachea
B) Bronchi
C) Lungs
D) Diaphragm

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22. The process of inhalation primarily involves the contraction of which muscle?

A) Intercostal muscles
B) Diaphragm
C) Abdominal muscles
D) All of the above

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23. Which gas is primarily expelled during exhalation?

A) Oxygen
B) Carbon dioxide
C) Nitrogen
D) Hydrogen

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24. The pathway of air from the nose to the lungs includes all of the following structures EXCEPT:

A) Pharynx
B) Larynx
C) Esophagus
D) Trachea

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25. The tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs are called:

A) Bronchioles
B) Alveoli
C) Capillaries
D) Pleura

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26. The primary site of nutrient absorption in the human body is the:

A) Stomach
B) Large intestine
C) Small intestine
D) Esophagus

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27. Which enzyme begins the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth?

A) Pepsin
B) Amylase
C) Lipase
D) Lactase

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28. The function of bile is to:

A) Break down carbohydrates
B) Emulsify fats
C) Digest proteins
D) Neutralize stomach acid

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29. What part of the digestive system is primarily responsible for water absorption?

A) Stomach
B) Small intestine
C) Large intestine
D) Liver

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30. The stomach secretes which of the following to aid in digestion?

A) Insulin
B) Hydrochloric acid
C) Bile
D) Saliva

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31. Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for fighting infections?

A) Erythrocytes
B) Neutrophils
C) Thrombocytes
D) Platelets

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32. The primary function of antibodies is to:

A) Transport oxygen
B) Fight infections
C) Promote blood clotting
D) Regulate body temperature

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33. Which organ is responsible for the production of lymphocytes?

A) Spleen
B) Kidney
C) Liver
D) Heart

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34. The first line of defense in the immune system includes:

A) Skin and mucous membranes
B) T-cells
C) B-cells
D) Antibodies

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35. What is the role of the thymus gland in the immune system?

A) Produces antibodies
B) Matures T-cells
C) Filters blood
D) Produces red blood cells
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36. The primary function of the lymphatic system is to:

A) Circulate blood
B) Drain excess fluids and filter pathogens
C) Digest food
D) Provide structural support

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37. Lymph is primarily composed of:

A) Red blood cells
B) Plasma
C) Interstitial fluid
D) Platelets

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38. Which structure is responsible for filtering lymph?

A) Lymph nodes
B) Spleen
C) Thymus
D) Tonsils

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39. The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in:

A) Oxygen transport
B) Immune response
C) Hormone production
D) Nutrient absorption

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40. The largest lymphatic organ in the body is the:

A) Thymus
B) Lymph nodes
C) Spleen
D) Appendix

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41. Which process allows plants to convert sunlight into chemical energy?

A) Respiration
B) Photosynthesis
C) Fermentation
D) Digestion

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42. The main pigment involved in photosynthesis is:

A) Carotene
B) Chlorophyll
C) Xanthophyll
D) Anthocyanin

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43. Which structure in plant cells is responsible for photosynthesis?

A) Mitochondria
B) Chloroplasts
C) Ribosomes
D) Nucleus

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44. What is the role of stomata in plants?

A) Nutrient absorption
B) Gas exchange
C) Water storage
D) Photosynthesis

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45. In animals, the primary function of the respiratory system is to:

A) Digest food
B) Circulate blood
C) Exchange gases
D) Filter waste

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46. The main function of the heart is to:

A) Digest food
B) Filter blood
C) Pump blood
D) Store energy

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47. Which of the following best describes aerobic respiration?

A) Respiration without oxygen
B) Respiration using glucose
C) Respiration using oxygen
D) Respiration producing alcohol

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48. The primary source of energy for plants is:

A) Oxygen
B) Glucose
C) Sunlight
D) Soil nutrients

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49. Which part of the brain regulates breathing rate?

A) Cerebrum
B) Cerebellum
C) Medulla oblongata
D) Hypothalamus

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50. In human beings, the average resting heart rate is approximately:

A) 40-60 beats per minute
B) 60-100 beats per minute
C) 100-120 beats per minute
D) 120-140 beats per minute

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51. Which type of nutrition involves obtaining nutrients from living hosts?

A) Autotrophic
B) Saprotrophic
C) Parasitic
D) Heterotrophic

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52. The movement of sugars through the plant occurs primarily in:

A) Xylem
B) Phloem
C) Cortex
D) Epidermis

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53. Which nutrient is absorbed through the roots and is crucial for plant growth?

A) Carbon dioxide
B) Water
C) Nitrogen
D) All of the above

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54. The circulatory system in vertebrates primarily consists of:

A) Blood, heart, and blood vessels
B) Lungs and diaphragm
C) Kidneys and bladder
D) Liver and pancreas

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55. In plants, transpiration primarily occurs through the:

A) Roots
B) Stems
C) Leaves
D) Flowers

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56. The vascular tissue responsible for transporting water in plants is:

A) Phloem
B) Xylem
C) Sclerenchyma
D) Collenchyma

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57. Which part of the digestive system is responsible for the breakdown of proteins?

A) Mouth
B) Stomach
C) Small intestine
D) Large intestine

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58. Which vitamin is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight?

A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin E

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59. The primary function of the small intestine is to:

A) Store food
B) Absorb nutrients
C) Digest proteins
D) Produce bile

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60. Which type of blood vessel carries blood back to the heart?

A) Arteries
B) Capillaries
C) Veins
D) Aorta

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61. Which type of nutrition involves breaking down dead organic matter?

A) Autotrophic
B) Parasitic
C) Heterotrophic
D) Saprotrophic

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62. Which component of blood is primarily responsible for oxygen transport?

A) Plasma
B) Platelets
C) White blood cells
D) Red blood cells

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63. Which gas is primarily absorbed by plants during photosynthesis?

A) Oxygen
B) Carbon dioxide
C) Nitrogen
D) Methane

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64. What is the primary role of the spleen in the immune system?

A) Filters lymph
B) Filters blood
C) Produces hormones
D) Stores glucose

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65. The primary function of platelets in blood is to:

A) Transport oxygen
B) Fight infections
C) Promote clotting
D) Regulate temperature

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66. Which process describes the movement of nutrients from the digestive tract into the bloodstream?

A) Digestion
B) Absorption
C) Assimilation
D) Metabolism

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67. What is the role of hemoglobin in the blood?

A) Transport nutrients
B) Fight infections
C) Carry oxygen
D) Regulate temperature

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68. The immune response that involves T-cells is known as:

A) Humoral immunity
B) Cellular immunity
C) Passive immunity
D) Natural immunity

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69. The organ that produces bile is the:

A) Pancreas
B) Liver
C) Gallbladder
D) Spleen

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70. Which part of the plant is primarily responsible for photosynthesis?

A) Roots
B) Stems
C) Leaves
D) Flowers

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71. The primary role of the roots in a plant is to:

A) Absorb nutrients and water
B) Conduct photosynthesis
C) Support the plant
D) Store energy

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72. Which structure in the respiratory system is known as the voice box?

A) Trachea
B) Larynx
C) Pharynx
D) Bronchus

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73. What is the function of the diaphragm in the respiratory system?

A) Filters air
B) Assists in inhalation and exhalation
C) Produces sound
D) Circulates blood

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74. Which nutrient is essential for building proteins in animals?

A) Carbohydrates
B) Lipids
C) Amino acids
D) Nucleotides

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75. The process of breaking down glucose to produce energy in cells is known as:

A) Photosynthesis
B) Respiration
C) Fermentation
D) Digestion

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76. The primary site of gas exchange in the lungs is:

A) Trachea
B) Bronchi
C) Alveoli
D) Capillaries

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77. Which plant structure is responsible for gas exchange?

A) Stomata
B) Roots
C) Xylem
D) Phloem

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78. Which component of blood helps fight infections?

A) Plasma
B) Red blood cells
C) White blood cells
D) Platelets

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79. Which type of nutrient is broken down to produce energy?

A) Vitamins
B) Minerals
C) Carbohydrates
D) Water

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80. The fluid that circulates in the lymphatic system is called:

A) Plasma
B) Lymph
C) Serum
D) Interstitial fluid

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81. Which of the following is a function of the liver?

A) Produce insulin
B) Detoxify harmful substances
C) Store glycogen
D) All of the above

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82. What type of respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen?

A) Aerobic
B) Anaerobic
C) External
D) Internal

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83. The function of the circulatory system does NOT include:

A) Transporting nutrients
B) Absorbing oxygen
C) Regulating body temperature
D) Fighting infections

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84. In plants, which part primarily absorbs sunlight?

A) Roots
B) Stems
C) Leaves
D) Flowers

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85. The process of using sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose is known as:

A) Respiration
B) Fermentation
C) Photosynthesis
D) Digestion

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86. The heart is located in the:

A) Abdominal cavity
B) Thoracic cavity
C) Pelvic cavity
D) Cranial cavity

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87. Which type of plant nutrition involves symbiosis with fungi?

A) Parasitic
B) Mycorrhizal
C) Carnivorous
D) Autotrophic

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88. Which of the following is an example of passive transport in cells?

A) Endocytosis
B) Active transport
C) Diffusion
D) Pinocytosis

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89. Which component of the circulatory system contains valves?

A) Arteries
B) Capillaries
C) Veins
D) All of the above

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90. The enzyme pepsin is active in which part of the digestive system?

A) Mouth
B) Stomach
C) Small intestine
D) Large intestine

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91. In the digestive process, the liver produces:

A) Amylase
B) Bile
C) Lipase
D) Pepsin

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92. The primary site of water absorption in the digestive system is the:

A) Stomach
B) Small intestine
C) Large intestine
D) Esophagus

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93. Which of the following nutrients provides the most energy per gram?

A) Carbohydrates
B) Proteins
C) Fats
D) Vitamins

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94. The primary role of the kidney is to:

A) Filter blood
B) Absorb nutrients
C) Produce bile
D) Store glycogen

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95. Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

A) Absorb fats from the digestive tract
B) Filter blood
C) Transport lymph
D) Help in immune responses

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96. The human circulatory system is classified as:

A) Open
B) Closed
C) Semi-open
D) None of the above

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97. The fluid that carries nutrients, gases, and waste products in blood is known as:

A) Serum
B) Plasma
C) Lymph
D) Cytoplasm

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98. Which of the following structures is part of the digestive system?

A) Larynx
B) Bronchi
C) Esophagus
D) Trachea

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99. The process of filtering blood in the kidneys is known as:

A) Reabsorption
B) Filtration
C) Excretion
D) Absorption

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100. The process of moving materials across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient is known as:

A) Passive transport
B) Active transport
C) Diffusion
D) Osmosis

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