Software Fault Tolerance MCQS

This comprehensive set of Software Fault Tolerance MCQs is designed to cover all essential topics required for success in exams related to fault-tolerant systems and software reliability. Focused on key subjects such as error detection, fault recovery techniques, redundancy, and reliability models, these MCQs are crafted to help students build a strong foundation in software fault tolerance concepts and applications.

Who should practice Software Fault Tolerance MCQs?

Students preparing for courses in software engineering, computer science, or IT that include fault tolerance and system reliability topics.
Individuals aiming to strengthen their understanding of fault detection methods, error correction, and software redundancy techniques.
Candidates preparing for certification exams or courses that assess knowledge of high-availability systems, error recovery, and system fault-tolerance mechanisms.
Learners interested in mastering techniques such as checkpointing, rollback recovery, N-version programming, and failover strategies.
Professionals focused on improving their skills in designing fault-tolerant software and ensuring the reliability of critical systems.
Suitable for all aspirants seeking to enhance their knowledge and performance in software fault tolerance for academic or professional success.

1. What is the primary goal of software fault tolerance?

A) To prevent software bugs
B) To ensure continuous system operation despite software failures
C) To improve software performance
D) To enhance software usability

View Answer

2. Which technique is commonly used in software fault tolerance?

A) Redundancy
B) Compression
C) Caching
D) Encryption

View Answer

3. What does N-version programming aim to achieve in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Increased speed of processing
B) Diverse program versions to handle faults
C) Data encryption for security
D) Minimized memory usage

View Answer

4. What is the purpose of checkpointing in fault-tolerant systems?

A) To log user actions
B) To save system state for later recovery
C) To increase system performance
D) To reduce system load

View Answer

5. In fault-tolerant systems, what is a watchdog timer used for?

A) Monitoring the system for malfunctions
B) Optimizing software code
C) Increasing hardware efficiency
D) Reducing energy consumption

View Answer

6. What is backward error recovery in fault-tolerant computing?

A) Correcting future errors
B) Reverting to a previous known good state
C) Optimizing software performance
D) Monitoring system processes

View Answer

7. Which of the following is a fault-tolerance technique that uses redundant systems?

A) Data compression
B) Failover
C) Memory optimization
D) Disk partitioning

View Answer

8. What does fail-safe operation imply in fault-tolerant software?

A) No data is lost after a failure
B) Software continues to operate safely in the event of a failure
C) The software is optimized for speed
D) The software uses less memory

View Answer

9. In software fault tolerance, what is “graceful degradation”?

A) The system becomes faster after a fault
B) The system reduces functionality but continues operation after a fault
C) The system stops completely when an error occurs
D) The system switches to backup power

View Answer

10. What is the role of “recovery blocks” in fault-tolerant systems?

A) To prevent failures from occurring
B) To provide alternative code to execute after detecting a fault
C) To encrypt system data
D) To improve the user interface

View Answer

11. What does “hot standby” mean in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Backup system is immediately available for operation
B) Backup system is offline until failure occurs
C) Backup system is optimized for speed
D) Backup system is in testing mode

View Answer

12. What is a common method to achieve fault tolerance in distributed systems?

A) Data caching
B) Load balancing
C) Data redundancy and replication
D) Memory compression

View Answer

13. Which of the following describes a “single point of failure”?

A) A process that can fail multiple times
B) A component whose failure will cause the entire system to fail
C) A system that cannot fail
D) A redundant component

View Answer

14. What does “MTTF” stand for in fault tolerance?

A) Maximum Time To Fail
B) Minimum Time To Fail
C) Mean Time To Failure
D) Manual Time To Fix

View Answer

15. What is the goal of a fault detection mechanism in a fault-tolerant system?

A) To prevent all failures
B) To detect and isolate faults early
C) To increase system speed
D) To reduce memory consumption

View Answer

16. What is the key advantage of modular redundancy in fault tolerance?

A) Reduces system size
B) Reduces complexity
C) Increases system reliability
D) Improves data compression

View Answer

17. In fault tolerance, what is an “active replication” method?

A) Backup systems only activate after failure
B) All systems run simultaneously and process the same requests
C) Backup systems remain in sleep mode
D) Only the main system processes requests

View Answer

18. What is software rejuvenation in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Restarting or refreshing a system to prevent future faults
B) Updating the system for better performance
C) Compressing system data for efficiency
D) Reducing system memory usage

View Answer

19. What does the term “fault masking” refer to in software fault tolerance?

A) Preventing faults from affecting the system
B) Identifying and isolating faults
C) Encrypting system data
D) Improving software performance

View Answer

20. What does a “redundant array of independent disks” (RAID) provide in fault tolerance?

A) Data compression
B) Data redundancy and fault tolerance
C) Faster network speeds
D) Memory optimization

View Answer

21. In software fault tolerance, what is “forward error recovery”?

A) Correcting errors as they occur
B) Rolling back to a previous state
C) Improving system speed
D) Ignoring minor errors

View Answer

22. Which of the following is a characteristic of fault-tolerant software systems?

A) Uninterrupted service during failures
B) Increased memory usage
C) Slower processing speeds
D) Reduced security

View Answer

23. What is the purpose of redundancy in a fault-tolerant system?

A) To reduce memory consumption
B) To provide backup components in case of failure
C) To compress system data
D) To increase processing speed

View Answer

24. What is the role of an error detection code in fault-tolerant systems?

A) To prevent failures
B) To identify errors in data
C) To compress data
D) To optimize software performance

View Answer

25. Which of the following is an example of fault-tolerant hardware?

A) Cloud-based storage
B) Mirrored servers
C) Antivirus software
D) Memory compression

View Answer

26. What does “cold standby” imply in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Backup system is immediately available
B) Backup system is not powered on until needed
C) Backup system is faster than the main system
D) Backup system is in testing mode

View Answer

27. What does the term “failover” mean in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Switching to a redundant system during a failure
B) Increasing system speed
C) Compressing system data
D) Reducing memory usage

View Answer

28. What is the role of error correction in fault-tolerant systems?

A) To compress data
B) To fix detected errors in data transmission or storage
C) To increase system speed
D) To prevent software bugs

View Answer

29. What is the difference between “fault tolerance” and “fault avoidance”?

A) Fault avoidance prevents faults; fault tolerance deals with them
B) Fault tolerance prevents faults; fault avoidance handles them
C) Fault tolerance and fault avoidance are the same
D) Fault avoidance improves system speed

View Answer

30. What is the key benefit of distributed systems in fault tolerance?

A) Increased data redundancy
B) Reduced software complexity
C) Faster processing speed
D) Higher energy efficiency

View Answer

31. What does “high availability” mean in the context of fault tolerance?

A) Software always remains accessible even during failures
B) Software runs faster
C) Software uses less memory
D) Software has lower power consumption

View Answer

32. What is meant by “fault containment” in software fault tolerance?

A) Preventing faults from spreading across a system
B) Increasing system speed
C) Encrypting system data
D) Compressing memory usage

View Answer

33. What is a “reliable software system”?

A) A system that never fails
B) A system that minimizes downtime and ensures continuous operation
C) A system that uses the least memory
D) A system that is the fastest in processing

View Answer

34. Which of the following strategies is part of software fault recovery?

A) Using multiple processors
B) Rebooting the system
C) Increasing system speed
D) Deleting unused data

View Answer

35. What is the purpose of “voting” in N-version programming?

A) To select the best version of the software
B) To detect and mask faults in software
C) To increase system speed
D) To reduce system memory usage

View Answer

36. What is the role of “diagnosis” in fault-tolerant systems?

A) To prevent the occurrence of faults
B) To detect and identify faults
C) To speed up system processing
D) To compress system data

View Answer

37. What is the function of an “audit trail” in fault-tolerant software?

A) To track and record system activities
B) To compress data for storage
C) To optimize software performance
D) To detect memory leaks

View Answer

38. What does “graceful shutdown” refer to in fault-tolerant systems?

A) The system shuts down abruptly
B) The system stops functioning completely
C) The system completes current tasks before shutting down
D) The system improves its performance after shutdown

View Answer

39. In fault-tolerant computing, what does “load balancing” achieve?

A) It distributes workload evenly to prevent system overload
B) It reduces memory usage
C) It speeds up data transmission
D) It encrypts system files

View Answer

40. What does “fault detection latency” refer to in software fault tolerance?

A) The time it takes to fix a fault
B) The delay in detecting a fault
C) The total downtime caused by a fault
D) The period between fault occurrence and system recovery

View Answer

41. What is the primary function of “RAID 1” in fault tolerance?

A) Striped data for speed
B) Data mirroring for redundancy
C) Compressing files for efficiency
D) Memory optimization

View Answer

42. What does “fault isolation” help with in a fault-tolerant system?

A) Encrypting all system data
B) Confining faults to specific areas to prevent system-wide failure
C) Compressing large files
D) Increasing processing speed

View Answer

43. What does “replication” ensure in distributed systems for fault tolerance?

A) Faster data transmission
B) Data availability through copies on multiple servers
C) Reduced power consumption
D) Improved user interface

View Answer

44. What is “mean time to repair” (MTTR) in fault-tolerant systems?

A) The average time it takes to detect a fault
B) The average time required to restore a system after a failure
C) The total time a system runs without failure
D) The time taken to compress data

View Answer

45. Which of the following describes a “degraded mode” in fault tolerance?

A) The system operates with full functionality
B) The system operates with limited functionality after a fault
C) The system shuts down immediately
D) The system increases processing speed

View Answer

46. What does “triple modular redundancy” (TMR) involve in fault tolerance?

A) Using three identical modules to mask faults
B) Encrypting system data three times
C) Compressing system files for redundancy
D) Distributing system load evenly

View Answer

47. What does “fault masking” achieve in fault-tolerant systems?

A) It hides the fault from the user and keeps the system operational
B) It compresses data to reduce memory usage
C) It speeds up the system
D) It improves the user interface

View Answer

48. What is the purpose of “rollback” in error recovery mechanisms?

A) To prevent the fault from happening
B) To revert to the previous error-free system state
C) To optimize system speed
D) To reduce memory usage

View Answer

49. What is “error compensation” in software fault tolerance?

A) Ignoring minor errors to maintain operation
B) Correcting errors through redundant calculations
C) Compressing system logs to save space
D) Encrypting data for protection

View Answer

50. What is meant by “system resilience” in fault tolerance?

A) A system’s ability to recover from faults and continue operation
B) A system’s ability to avoid all faults
C) A system that operates the fastest
D) A system that uses the least memory

View Answer

51. What is “checkpoint recovery” in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Restarting the system after failure
B) Restoring the system to a previously saved state
C) Compressing system data after a fault
D) Increasing system speed after a failure

View Answer

52. What is “distributed fault tolerance”?

A) Fault tolerance implemented across a distributed network or system
B) Fault tolerance limited to a single server
C) Fault tolerance that reduces memory usage
D) Fault tolerance that only works on the main system

View Answer

53. What does “error logging” contribute to fault-tolerant systems?

A) Compression of system data
B) Recording faults for diagnosis and future prevention
C) Reducing system speed
D) Encrypting system data

View Answer

54. What is the purpose of “failure transparency” in fault-tolerant software?

A) To prevent users from knowing when a failure has occurred
B) To optimize the user interface
C) To increase system speed
D) To reduce memory usage

View Answer

55. What does “fail-silent” behavior imply in fault-tolerant systems?

A) The system fails without notifying users
B) The system masks the fault without affecting operation
C) The system becomes faster after failure
D) The system stops working completely after detecting a fault

View Answer

56. What is a “replication manager” responsible for in a fault-tolerant system?

A) Distributing system load
B) Ensuring that replicas are consistent and up to date
C) Compressing data across the system
D) Improving system performance

View Answer

57. What does “forward recovery” entail in software fault tolerance?

A) Correcting an error before it occurs
B) Continuing operation by compensating for faults
C) Reverting to an earlier system state
D) Compressing system data after an error

View Answer

58. What is “fault masking” primarily used for in fault-tolerant systems?

A) To prevent a system from crashing due to a fault
B) To reduce system memory usage
C) To encrypt system data
D) To improve software performance

View Answer

59. Which of the following is a key objective of fault-tolerant software?

A) Ensure high availability of services
B) Reduce system processing time
C) Increase software complexity
D) Decrease system load

View Answer

60. What is the role of “mirroring” in a fault-tolerant system?

A) To create identical copies of data to prevent loss
B) To increase system speed
C) To compress system data
D) To enhance user interface

View Answer

61. What does “software fault tolerance” focus on?

A) Preventing and handling software failures
B) Reducing hardware costs
C) Increasing software complexity
D) Encrypting user data

View Answer

62. What is the purpose of “system auditing” in fault-tolerant software?

A) To optimize system speed
B) To analyze faults and ensure the reliability of the system
C) To reduce memory usage
D) To compress system data

View Answer

63. Which of the following is a characteristic of fault-tolerant design?

A) It prevents all types of system failures
B) It allows a system to continue working despite some failures
C) It increases the speed of processing
D) It reduces system cost

View Answer

64. What is “stateful fault tolerance”?

A) Fault tolerance that preserves the current state of a system during recovery
B) Fault tolerance that always starts from scratch
C) Fault tolerance that ignores current system state
D) Fault tolerance that improves processing speed

View Answer

65. What is the key benefit of “failover clustering” in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Improved speed
B) Automatic switching to a standby system during failure
C) Reduced memory usage
D) Enhanced user interface

View Answer

66. What is a “soft failover” in fault tolerance?

A) A failover with minimal disruption to users
B) A failover that involves restarting the system
C) A failover that compresses system data
D) A failover that increases system speed

View Answer

67. What does “modular redundancy” involve?

A) Using multiple modules to mask faults in the system
B) Compressing data across different system components
C) Encrypting user data multiple times
D) Reducing system load

View Answer

68. What is the function of “time redundancy” in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Repeating operations over time to detect and recover from transient faults
B) Compressing data over time
C) Encrypting data at regular intervals
D) Reducing the system’s processing speed

View Answer

69. What is “hot swapping” in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Replacing faulty components without shutting down the system
B) Compressing system files
C) Restarting the system after every failure
D) Encrypting data before every system update

View Answer

70. What is the purpose of “error masking” in fault-tolerant systems?

A) To prevent errors from affecting system performance
B) To reduce system load
C) To compress large system files
D) To increase system processing speed

View Answer

71. What does “watchdog timer” do in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Increases system processing speed
B) Monitors system for malfunctions and resets if a fault is detected
C) Compresses system data periodically
D) Encrypts all user data for security

View Answer

72. What is the function of “data shadowing” in fault-tolerant systems?

A) To hide data for security purposes
B) To create backup copies of data for recovery
C) To reduce system load
D) To increase processing speed

View Answer

73. What is the role of “replication transparency” in fault-tolerant systems?

A) To hide the existence of multiple data copies from users
B) To encrypt user data
C) To reduce system memory usage
D) To improve system speed

View Answer

74. What does “error detection code” (EDC) ensure in fault-tolerant software?

A) That data is compressed
B) That errors are detected during data transmission or storage
C) That system load is balanced
D) That system speed is increased

View Answer

75. What does “fault injection” aim to achieve in fault-tolerant testing?

A) To deliberately introduce faults to test system resilience
B) To reduce system load
C) To compress system data
D) To encrypt user data

View Answer

76. What is “self-healing” software in the context of fault tolerance?

A) Software that fixes its own faults automatically
B) Software that compresses data
C) Software that encrypts user data
D) Software that improves performance over time

View Answer

77. What is the purpose of “backward recovery” in fault-tolerant systems?

A) To restore the system to a previous stable state
B) To increase system speed
C) To encrypt all user data
D) To reduce memory usage

View Answer

78. What is the role of “redundant components” in fault-tolerant systems?

A) To take over operations in case of primary component failure
B) To compress system files
C) To increase system speed
D) To reduce memory usage

View Answer

79. What does “N-version programming” refer to in fault-tolerant systems?

A) The use of multiple functionally equivalent software versions to detect and mask faults
B) The encryption of user data multiple times
C) The compression of system data
D) The reduction of system load

View Answer

80. What is “failback” in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Returning the system to the original state after a failure has been resolved
B) Increasing system processing speed
C) Compressing data after a fault
D) Reducing system memory usage

View Answer

81. What does “proactive fault tolerance” involve?

A) Preventing faults before they occur
B) Compressing system data regularly
C) Encrypting user data frequently
D) Reducing system load

View Answer

82. What is the function of “heartbeat signals” in fault-tolerant systems?

A) To monitor the health of components by sending periodic signals
B) To increase system speed
C) To encrypt user data
D) To compress system data

View Answer

83. What does “checkpointing” refer to in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Saving the current state of the system at intervals for recovery
B) Compressing system logs
C) Encrypting user data
D) Increasing system processing speed

View Answer

84. What is the role of “error correction code” (ECC) in fault-tolerant systems?

A) To detect and correct errors in data transmission
B) To reduce system load
C) To increase system speed
D) To compress system data

View Answer

85. What is “hot spare” in fault-tolerant systems?

A) A backup component that can immediately take over if the primary one fails
B) A system for compressing data
C) A system for encrypting user data
D) A method for increasing system speed

View Answer

86. What does “dynamic reconfiguration” allow in fault-tolerant systems?

A) The system to adapt and reallocate resources without shutting down
B) The system to increase speed
C) The system to compress data
D) The system to encrypt data

View Answer

87. What is “fault-tolerant middleware”?

A) Software that ensures fault tolerance between different applications or components
B) Software that compresses data
C) Software that encrypts all communications
D) Software that increases system speed

View Answer

88. What does “redundant data storage” ensure in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Data availability in case of storage failure
B) Faster data processing
C) Data encryption
D) Memory compression

View Answer

89. What is “predictive failure analysis” (PFA) in fault tolerance?

A) Analyzing system patterns to predict potential failures
B) Compressing data to avoid failure
C) Encrypting user data for security
D) Increasing system speed

View Answer

90. What is “fault-tolerant scheduling”?

A) Ensuring tasks are completed even in the presence of faults
B) Compressing system logs for future use
C) Encrypting user data
D) Reducing system processing time

View Answer

91. What is “error injection testing” used for in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Deliberately introducing errors to test system recovery mechanisms
B) Encrypting system data
C) Compressing system files
D) Increasing system speed

View Answer

92. What does “system redundancy” achieve in fault-tolerant systems?

A) It ensures the system can continue running by using backup components
B) It compresses system data
C) It encrypts all communications
D) It increases processing speed

View Answer

93. What is “cold standby” in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Backup components that require manual intervention before taking over
B) Compressing system logs
C) Encrypting user data during backup
D) Increasing system performance

View Answer

94. What does “software rejuvenation” involve in fault tolerance?

A) Restarting software components to clear accumulated errors and prevent failure
B) Encrypting user data to prevent hacking
C) Compressing system data
D) Increasing system processing speed

View Answer

95. What is the purpose of “error propagation prevention” in fault tolerance?

A) Preventing errors from spreading across system components
B) Encrypting data to prevent corruption
C) Compressing large files
D) Increasing system performance

View Answer

96. What does “adaptive fault tolerance” aim to do?

A) Adjust the fault tolerance mechanisms dynamically based on the system’s needs
B) Compress system data
C) Encrypt user data
D) Increase system speed

View Answer

97. What is “service-level agreement” (SLA) in fault-tolerant systems?

A) A contract that defines the expected reliability and availability of services
B) A system for compressing data
C) A method for encrypting communications
D) A way to increase system performance

View Answer

98. What is “degraded service” in fault-tolerant systems?

A) A system that operates with reduced functionality after a failure
B) A system that compresses data
C) A system that encrypts user data
D) A system that increases its speed after failure

View Answer

99. What does “fault tolerance scalability” refer to?

A) The ability to maintain fault tolerance as the system grows
B) The ability to compress data efficiently
C) The ability to encrypt all communications
D) The ability to increase system speed as it scales

View Answer

100. What does “hot redundancy” mean in fault-tolerant systems?

A) The immediate use of backup components without downtime
B) Encrypting data during failure recovery
C) Compressing logs before system restart
D) Increasing system speed during redundancy

View Answer

101. What is the key benefit of “dual modular redundancy” in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Reduced processing time
B) Higher data encryption
C) Increased reliability by having two systems perform the same operation
D) Faster data transmission

View Answer

102. What does “software rollback” involve in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Reverting the system to a previous checkpoint
B) Encrypting backup data
C) Compressing data logs
D) Speeding up system operations

View Answer

103. In a fault-tolerant system, what is the purpose of a “hot swap”?

A) Replacing hardware components without shutting down the system
B) Encrypting data files
C) Compressing memory usage
D) Increasing system speed

View Answer

104. What is a “quorum-based” approach in fault tolerance?

A) A method to achieve agreement among multiple systems to continue operations
B) A process for reducing system load
C) A method for encrypting communications
D) A system that compresses data periodically

View Answer

105. What is the role of “fault-tolerant consensus” in distributed systems?

A) Ensuring that all nodes agree on the system state even if some nodes fail
B) Compressing system logs for analysis
C) Encrypting system communications
D) Increasing system speed during peak hours

View Answer

106. In fault-tolerant systems, what does “masking redundancy” refer to?

A) Using extra components to hide the effects of a fault from users
B) Encrypting system logs for security
C) Compressing large files
D) Increasing system performance

View Answer

107. What is the primary goal of “active replication” in a fault-tolerant system?

A) To provide backup components that are always ready to take over
B) To reduce system load by distributing tasks
C) To encrypt user data in real-time
D) To compress memory usage

View Answer

108. What does “recovery-oriented computing” aim to achieve in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Improving system availability by focusing on quick recovery after a failure
B) Compressing system files
C) Encrypting system logs
D) Increasing processing speed

View Answer

109. What is the purpose of “self-testing software” in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Detecting and resolving faults without external intervention
B) Encrypting all user data
C) Compressing system files periodically
D) Increasing system performance

View Answer

110. What does “passive fault tolerance” involve?

A) Waiting for a failure to occur and then responding with a backup system
B) Encrypting data logs for security
C) Compressing files during low usage periods
D) Increasing system processing speed

View Answer

111. What is “checkpoint and restart” used for in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Saving the system state and restarting from the checkpoint after a failure
B) Encrypting communications between system nodes
C) Compressing system data for efficient storage
D) Increasing system load handling

View Answer

112. What does “N-way replication” refer to in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Running multiple copies of a process or data to ensure availability
B) Compressing multiple files into a single archive
C) Encrypting multiple layers of data
D) Increasing processing speed through parallel execution

View Answer

113. What is “asynchronous replication” in the context of fault tolerance?

A) Replicating data across systems without waiting for acknowledgment from backups
B) Compressing system logs after a certain interval
C) Encrypting real-time communication
D) Increasing system speed

View Answer

114. What does “fail-fast” mean in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Systems detect faults quickly and stop operations to avoid further damage
B) Compressing data as quickly as possible
C) Encrypting system data in real-time
D) Increasing system processing speed

View Answer

115. In fault tolerance, what does “graceful degradation” mean?

A) The system continues to operate at reduced functionality after a failure
B) Compressing system data gracefully
C) Encrypting user data in layers
D) Increasing processing speed after failure

View Answer

116. What is the main function of “error masking” in fault-tolerant systems?

A) To prevent users from noticing faults by using redundancy
B) To compress error logs
C) To encrypt system communications
D) To increase system processing speed

View Answer

117. What does “fail-stop” refer to in fault-tolerant systems?

A) A system halts after detecting a fault to prevent damage
B) Compressing system logs before stopping
C) Encrypting data at every stop
D) Increasing system speed

View Answer

118. What does “load balancing” achieve in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Distributes system load evenly across all components to avoid overloading any single component
B) Compresses system files evenly
C) Encrypts user data across all nodes
D) Increases system speed

View Answer

119. What does “system switchover” mean in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Automatically switching to a backup system when the primary one fails
B) Compressing data after switching
C) Encrypting data during the switchover
D) Increasing speed during switchover

View Answer

120. What is “triple modular redundancy” (TMR) used for?

A) To mask faults by having three systems perform the same task and using the majority vote
B) Compressing data in three different formats
C) Encrypting user data at three layers
D) Increasing system speed threefold

View Answer

121. What is “failover clustering” in fault-tolerant systems?

A) A group of systems work together so that if one fails, another takes over
B) Compressing system logs across clusters
C) Encrypting communications between clusters
D) Increasing system performance through clustering

View Answer

122. What does “roll-forward recovery” refer to in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Rebuilding system state by applying changes since the last saved checkpoint
B) Compressing system files for future reference
C) Encrypting changes during recovery
D) Increasing processing speed during recovery

View Answer

123. What is “warm standby” in fault-tolerant systems?

A) A backup system that is partially prepared to take over but requires some time to become fully operational
B) Compressing files before switching
C) Encrypting data during standby
D) Increasing system speed gradually

View Answer

124. What is the purpose of “data mirroring” in fault tolerance?

A) Maintaining an exact copy of data in another location to ensure availability
B) Compressing mirrored data for storage
C) Encrypting mirrored data
D) Increasing processing speed

View Answer

125. What is the function of “checkpoint frequency” in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Determining how often the system state is saved for recovery
B) Compressing data at intervals
C) Encrypting system logs frequently
D) Increasing system speed during checkpoints

View Answer

126. What is “time redundancy” in the context of fault tolerance?

A) Repeating operations at different times to detect and mask transient faults
B) Compressing data logs over time
C) Encrypting time-sensitive data
D) Increasing system speed over time

View Answer

127. What is “proactive recovery” in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Periodically refreshing system components to prevent failures
B) Compressing system logs before recovery
C) Encrypting user data
D) Increasing system speed during recovery

View Answer

128. What does “voting mechanism” do in fault-tolerant systems?

A) It compares the output of multiple redundant systems and selects the majority result
B) Compresses system logs
C) Encrypts votes to ensure accuracy
D) Increases system speed during decision making

View Answer

129. What is the purpose of “fault localization” in fault-tolerant systems?

A) Identifying the exact location of the fault in the system
B) Compressing data from faulty components
C) Encrypting data in faulty components
D) Increasing processing speed in faulty areas

View Answer

130. What is the role of “distributed consensus” in fault tolerance?

A) Ensuring that all nodes in a distributed system agree on the system state despite failures
B) Compressing distributed data
C) Encrypting communications between distributed systems
D) Increasing processing speed in distributed networks

View Answer